The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from eukaryotes has gained strong interest
in recent years. However, research into the therapeutic application of their bacterial
counterparts, known as bacterial membrane vesicles, is only just beginning to be
appreciated. Membrane vesicles (MVs) from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
offer significant advantages in therapeutic development, including large-scale, cost effective
production and ease of molecular manipulation to display foreign antigens. The nanoparticle …